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With eye on history, judges nix gay marriage bans
As a U.S.
district judge — appointed in 2012 by President Barack Obama with
support from Utah's two conservative Republican senators — Shelby ruled
last December that the state's voter-approved ban on same-sex marriage
was unconstitutional.
Since
then, in an unbroken string of victories for gay-marriage backers, a
dozen other judges in states across the nation have followed suit by
overturning bans or ordering states to recognize gay marriages from out
of state.
Collectively, these
judges are diverse — white and black, male and female, gay and straight,
some appointed by Democratic presidents and some by Republicans.
However, they seemed to draw common inspiration from a U.S. Supreme
Court ruling in June 2013 that ordered the federal government to
recognize same-sex marriages.
In
most of the cases, the rulings have been stayed pending appeals, and a
final nationwide verdict on same-sex marriage will likely come from the
Supreme Court as some of the cases head there. But the judges' opinions —
often embellished by soaring language — reflected a yearning to be on
what they had come to see as the right side of history.
Shelby,
in his 53-page decision, said the constitutional amendment that Utah
voters approved in 2004 violated gay couples' rights to due process and
equal protection. The state, he said, failed to show that allowing
same-sex marriages would affect opposite-sex marriages in any way.
"In the absence of such
evidence, the State's unsupported fears and speculations are
insufficient to justify the State's refusal to dignify the family
relationships of its gay and lesbian citizens," Shelby wrote.
A look at some of other judges and their rulings:
___
MICHIGAN:
Long
before the current spate of marriage litigation, Detroit-based U.S.
District Judge Bernard Friedman learned firsthand about the aspirations
of gays and lesbians seeking to raise families.
Friedman, a Republican appointed to the federal bench in 1988
by President Ronald Reagan, hired an openly gay University of Michigan
Law School student as his clerk in 1995. The clerk, Judith Levy, went on
to bear children and this year became a federal judge in Michigan.In March, Friedman — now 70 — struck down the gay-marriage ban approved by Michigan voters in 2004. The day after his ruling, in a brief window before a stay was issued, Levy performed several same-sex marriages.
The
case was initiated by two Detroit-area nurses seeking to overturn
Michigan's law banning joint adoptions by gay couples. They later
expanded it to challenge the marriage ban itself.
"State
defendants lost sight of what this case is truly about: people,"
Friedman wrote in his opinion. "No court record of this proceeding could
ever fully convey the personal sacrifice of these two plaintiffs who
seek to ensure that the state may no longer impair the rights of their
children and the thousands of others now being raised by same-sex
couples."
___VIRGINIA
With experience as a no-nonsense federal prosecutor and also as a public defender, Arenda L. Wright Allen saw the justice system from both sides. She won unanimous Senate confirmation in 2011 when Obama appointed her as the first black woman to serve on the federal bench in Virginia.
In February, after a high-profile trial, she overturned Virginia's voter-approved ban on same-sex marriage with an opinion that evoked civil rights struggles of America's past.
"Justice
has often been forged from fires of indignities and prejudices
suffered," she wrote. "We have arrived upon another moment in history
when We the People becomes more inclusive, and our freedom more
perfect."
She also noted that
Virginia was the focal state when the U.S. Supreme Court struck down
state laws against interracial marriage in 1967.
"Tradition is revered in
the Commonwealth, and often rightly so," Wright Allen wrote. "However,
tradition alone cannot justify denying same-sex couples the right to
marry any more than it could justify Virginia's ban on interracial
marriage."
___ARKANSAS
Four years ago, a judge little known outside of Arkansas made waves by overturning a state law that prevented gays and lesbians from adopting or fostering children. It was a harbinger of things to come. On May 9, that same jurist, Pulaski County Circuit Court Judge Chris Piazza, struck down Arkansas' ban on gay marriages.
The first same-sex marriages in the South ensued, before a stay was issued. Former Gov. Mike Huckabee, among others, was not pleased.
"Allowing one single member of the judicial branch to become Lord God of law is dangerous and unconstitutional," Huckabee wrote.
However,
any voters upset by Piazza's ruling can't vent their frustration at the
polls — the 67-year-old judge didn't draw a challenger in his bid for
re-election this year and will serve another six years.
Like Wright Allen in Virginia, Piazza evoked the 1967 Supreme Court ruling on interracial marriage.
"It
has been over 40 years since Mildred Loving was given the right to
marry the person of her choice," Piazza wrote. "The hatred and fears
have long since vanished and she and her husband lived full lives
together; so it will be for the same-sex couples. It is time to let that
beacon of freedom shine brighter on all our brothers and sisters. We
will be stronger for it."
___OREGON
Michael
McShane, one of a small number of openly gay federal judges, harkened
back to his own youth in his ruling May 19 striking down Oregon's
voter-approved 2004 ban on gay marriage.
"Generations
of Americans, my own included, were raised in a world in which
homosexuality was believed to be a moral perversion, a mental disorder,
or a mortal sin," he wrote. "I remember that one of the more popular
playground games of my childhood was called 'smear the queer.'"
In
preliminary court proceedings, the question was raised as to whether
McShane — as a gay man raising a child with his partner — should recuse
himself. However, McShane said he had never attended a rally or spoken
publicly about gay marriage, and the issue was not vigorously pursued by
gay-marriage opponents.
In his ruling, McShane extolled the same-sex couples who had filed the lawsuit.
"I believe that if we can
look for a moment past gender and sexuality, we can see in these
plaintiffs nothing more or less than our own families," he wrote. "With
discernment we see not shadows lurking in closets or the stereotypes of
what was once believed; rather, we see families committed to the common
purpose of love, devotion, and service to the greater community."
___
PENNSYLVANIA
Before
last week, U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III was perhaps best known
for handling of one of the biggest courtroom clashes between faith and
evolution since the 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial. In a 2005 decision, Jones
barred the Dover Area School District in southern Pennsylvania from
teaching "intelligent design" in biology class, saying its
first-in-the-nation curriculum decision violated the constitutional
separation of church and state.
On
May 20, Jones once again had an impact of the nation's culture wars,
striking down a 1996 Pennsylvania law that was the Northeast's last ban
on gay marriage.
A former small-town public
defender and head of the state's Liquor Control Board, Jones was
appointed to the federal bench in 2002 with the approval of
Pennsylvania's two Republican U.S. senators, Arlen Specter and Rick
Santorum. Santorum, an outspoken critic of same-sex marriage, called
Jones "an outstanding litigator" during a confirmation hearing.
In
his ruling on marriage, Jones said the plaintiffs — a widow, 11 couples
and one of the couples' two teenage daughters — were courageous.
"We
are a better people than what these laws represent, and it is time to
discard them into the ash heap of history," Jones wrote.
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